The Indian Penal Code

S.No.	List of Doctrines	Meaning	Section Number
1	Crimon Trahit Personam	Crime carries the person	Section 2
2	Communis Hostis Onmium	They are common enemies of all	Section 4
3	Generalia specialibus non derogant	If there is a conflict between general statute and special statute, special statute should win	Section 6
4	Inclusion unius (est) exclusion alterions	Expression of one thing exclude the other	Section 6
5	Noscitur a sociis	The meaning of a word is to be judged by the company it keeps	Section 7
6	Vir et uxor consentur in lege una persona	A husband and wife are regarded in law as one person	Section 27
7	Principle of Joint Liability/Constructive liability	If two or more persons commit a crime in furtherance of a common intention each of them will be liable jointly.	Sections 34, 114, 149
8	Actus Reus	A Guilty deed or Act	Section 40
9	Bona fide	Sincere, in good faith	Section 52
10	Ignorantia facit doth excusat, Ignorantia juris non excusat	Ignorance of fact is an excuse, but Ignorance of law is not an excuse.	Sections 76, 79
11	Quod necessitas non habet legem	Necessity knows no law	Section 81
12	Doctrine of self-preservation	Self-preservation is not an absolute necessity. There is no necessity that justifies homicide.	Section 81
13	Doctrine of necessity	An act which is otherwise a crime may in certain circumstances be excused, if the accused person shows that it was done out of necessity and in other to avoid other harm to person and property.	Section 81
14	Doli incapax	Incapable of understanding	Section 82
15	Doli capax	Capable of understanding	Section 83
16	Malitia supplet aesatem	Malice supplies age	Sections 82, 83
17	Mc naughten Rule	Every man is presumed to be sane and to posses sufficient degree of reason to be responsible for his crimes, until contrary be proved to the satisfaction of the jury or the court. To establish defence on ground of insanity it must be clearly shown that at the time of committing the act, the accused was laboring under such a defect of reason from disease of mind that he did not know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or that he did not know that what he was doing was wrong. If the accused was conscious that the act was one which he ought not to do and if that act was at the same time contrary to the law, he would be punishable.	Section 84
18	Furiosus Furore suo punier	Mad man is punished by his own madness	Section 84
19	Furiosus Furore absentis loco est	A mad man is like one who is absent	Section 84
20	Furiosus Furore nulla voluntas est	A mad man has no will	Section 84
21	Non Compos Mentis	Not of sound mind and understanding	Section 84
22	Qui peccat ebrius luat sobrius	Let him sin when drunk, be punished when sober	Section 86
23	Rule of presumption	If an offence requiring knowledge or intention is committed by self-induced intoxication, only knowledge, and not intention, of the offence on his part will be presumed.	Section 86
24	Volenti non fit injuria	He who consents suffers no harm.	Section 87, 88
25	Abundans Cautela Non Nocet	Abundant or extreme caution does no harm.	Section 93
26	Actus me invito factus est nisi actus	An act which is done by me against my will is not my act	Section 94
27	De minimis non qurat lex	Law does not notice trifles	Section 95
28	Se defendendo	In self defence	Section 96
29	Doctrine of proportionality of harm	The infliction of harm in private defence should not more than it is necessary to inflict for the purpose of defence.	Section 99
30	Ubi non est principalis non potest esse accessorius	Where there is no principal, there is no accessory.	Section 107
31	Accessorium Principale Sequitur	The accessory follows the principal	Section 109
32	Accessorium Non Ducit Sed Sequitur Suum Principale	An accessory does not draw, but follows its principal	Section 109
33	Principle of vicarious liability	The section holds a person liable for an offence which he might not have actually committed.	Section 149
34	Doctrine of Respondeat superior	Let the master answer and be legally responsible for the wrongful acts of their agents or employees.	Section 154, 155
35	Doctrine of transfer of malice	The section provides for culpable homicide by causing death of a person other than whose death was intended.	Section 301
36	Mala in se	Bad in themselves	Section 302
37	Mala Prohibita	Crimes Prohibited	Section 302
38	In Jure Non Remota Causa Sed Proxima Spectatur	In law, not the remote but the proximate cause is looked at	Section 304A
39	Actus Non facit reum nisi mens sit rea	The intent and act must both concur to constitute the crime	Section 378
40	Necessitas inducit privilegium quod jura private	Necessity induces a privilege because of a private right	Section 378
41	Animo Furandi	With an intention of stealing	Section 378
42	Res Nulis	Nobody’s Property	Section 404
43	Mala fide	In bad faith	Section 420
44	Sic utre tuo ut alienum non laedas	Use your own property in such a way as not to injure your neighbour’s property	Section 425
45	Nullus Commodum Capere Potest De Injuria Sua Propria	No man can take advantage of his own wrong	Section 465
46	Voluntas in delictis non exitus spectator	In offences the intent and not the result is looked at	Section 511
47	Proximity Rule	An act constitutes attempt if the offender has completed all the important steps necessary to constitute the offence but the consequence which is the essential element of offence has not taken place because of external circumstances.	Section 511
48	Doctrine of Locus Paenitentiae	Opportunity to withdraw from the commission of the crime	Section 511
49	Theory of impossibility	An act which is impossible to commit cannot be attempted and so is not culpable.	Section 511
50	Object theory	It differentiates the cases where the object is merely mistaken and cases where the object is absent.	Section 511
51	On the job theory	In this theory it is seen whether the accused was actually ‘on the job’ i.e., whether he had gone beyond the stage of preparation and was in the next stage of trying to implement the planned action.	Section 511

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